## Principle Bundle, Associated bundle, Gauge Group and Connections

Let $M$ be compact riemannian manifold without boundary, and $G$ be a compact Lie group. A principle $G$-bundle over $M$, denoted as $P(M,G)$ is a manifold $P$ with a free right action $P\times G\ni(p,g)\mapsto pg\in P$ of $G$ such that $M=P/G$, and $P$ is locally trivial, i.e., for every point $x\in M$, there is a neighbourhood $U$ such that the primage $\pi^{-1}(U)$ of the canonical projection is isomorphic to $U\times G$ in the sense that it preserver the fiber and $G$-equivariant, more precisely, there is a diffeomorphism $\Phi:\pi^{-1}(U)\to U\times G$ such that $\Phi(p)=(\pi(p),\phi(p))$ and $\phi:\pi^{-1}(U)\to G$ satisfying $\phi(pg)=(\phi(p))g$ for all $p\in\pi^{-1}(U)$ and $g\in G$.

Now for any other manifold $F$ on which $G$ acts on the left $G\times F\ni(g,f)\mapsto gf\in F$, the associated fiber bundle $P\times_\rho F$ is the quotient space $P\times F/\sim$, where $[p,f]\sim[pg,g^{-1}f]$, for all $g\in G$. With the projection $\tilde\pi:[p,g]\mapsto\pi(p)$ this is a principle bundle over $M$ with typical fiber $F$. The local trivialization is induced by the one $\Phi:\pi^{-1}(U)\to U\times G$ as (阅读全文 …)

## [转载]What’s a Gauge?

From: Terence Tao’s blog: What’s a Gauge.

"Gauge theory" is a term which has connotations of being a fearsomely complicated part of mathematics – for instance, playing an important role in quantum field theory, general relativity, geometric PDE, and so forth. But the underlying concept is really quite simple: a gauge is nothing more than a "coordinate system" that varies depending on one’s "location" with respect to some "base space" or "parameter space", a gauge transform is a change of coordinates applied to each such location, and a gauge theory is a model for some physical or mathematical system to which gauge transforms can be applied (and is typically gauge invariant, in that all physically meaningful quantities are left unchanged (or transform naturally) under gauge transformations). By fixing a gauge (thus breaking or spending the gauge symmetry), the model becomes something easier to analyse mathematically, such as a system of partial differential equations (in classical gauge theories) or a perturbative quantum field theory (in quantum gauge theories), though the tractability of the resulting problem can be heavily dependent on the choice of gauge that one fixed. Deciding exactly how to fix a gauge (or whether one should spend the gauge symmetry at all) is a key question in the analysis of gauge theories, and one that often requires the input of geometric ideas and intuition into that analysis. (阅读全文 …)

## 标准的椭圆理论:一个能量不等式

Proposition 1. 假设$u$是方程
$$0=\Delta u-\frac{1}{2}x\cdot \nabla u.$$
的光滑解, 则我们有如下的能量不等式:
$$\int_{|x|< r}e^{-\frac{|x|^2}{4}}|\nabla u|^2\rd x\leq\frac{c}{r^2}\int_{r< |x|< 2r}e^{-\frac{|x|^2}{4}}u^2\rd x,\quad\forall r >0.$$
(阅读全文 …)

## 几何分析中的变分问题与方法

这是丁伟岳院士的一个Talk, 原文链接在其主页上有: 几何分析中的变分问题与方法.

1. 历史的回顾:1960年以前 变分法有很长的历史, 如果从欧拉和拉格朗日提出以他们的名字命名的变分方程算起, 至今己有250年的历史. 在开始的时候, 变分法的创立和应用主要是围绕物理学(力学, 光学, 天文学等等 )中的各种变分问题. 比如, 与拉普拉斯方程相联系 的Dirichlet原理就是在研究引力或电场的位势时提出的.
变分法对于几何的应用在早期主要是对曲面上的测地线和欧氏空间中给定边界的极小曲面(Plateau问题 )的研究. 但在很长时期内仅限于一些特殊情形, 没有重要进展.
直到上世纪早期, 为了研究曲面上的测地线的个 数, Morse(20-30年代)和俄国数学家(40年代)分别建立了Morse和 Ljusternik-Schnirelman理论. 其中, Morse理论不仅对变分问题的解的个数估计有许多应用而且在流形的拓扑问题有重要应用. (阅读全文 …)

好的.

## A Proof of Trigonometric Formulas in the Plane of Constant Curvature

Abstract.  In this paper, we solve the geodesics equation in the geodesic polar coordinates of a two dimensional Riemannian manifolds of constant sectional curvature. The relation between edges and angles of geodesic triangle has obtained and as a result the trigonometric formulae has been derived, that is the law of sines, the law of cosines.
1. Induced Connection Along a Mapping Suppose $M$ and $N$ be two smooth manifolds, and $\phi\mathpunct{:}N\to M$ is a smooth mapping. A vector field $X$ along $\phi$ is an assignment which corresponding each $x\in N$ to a vector $X(x)\in T_{\phi(x)}M$. In particular, for any vector field $V$ on $N$, $\phi_\ast V$ may not be a vector field on $M$, but it is a vector field along $\phi$. Clearly, the collection of vector fields along $\phi$ is a vector space, with the natural defined addtion and scalar multiplication.
(阅读全文 …)

## The Peter-Weyl theorem

From Tao’s Blog: The Peter-Weyl theorem, and non-abelian Fourier analysis on compact groups.

Let $G$ be a compact group. (Throughout this post, all topological groups are assumed to be Hausdorff.) Then $G$ has a number of unitary representations, i.e. continuous homomorphisms $\rho: G \rightarrow U(H)$ to the group $U(H)$ of unitary operators on a Hilbert space $H$, equipped with the strong operator topology. In particular, one has the left-regular representation $\tau: G \rightarrow U(L^2(G))$, where we equip $G$ with its normalised Haar measure $\mu$ (and the Borel $\sigma$-algebra) to form the Hilbert space $L^2(G)$, and $\tau$ is the translation operation
$$\tau(g) f(x) := f(g^{-1} x).$$ (阅读全文 …)

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